Free Online TOEFL Study Guides

Taking the TOEFL is a necessary step for any student not educated in the United States who wishes to study at a North American university. It is also increasingly required from other educational institutions throughout the world as well as a desired or mandatory job qualification. While it is true that the TOEFL is an extremely difficult test there are a number of resources to help students prepare for the test. Luckily the Internet has an ever-expanding treasure trove of study materials. Most of these areas require registration and payment however a number of the sites do offer some free services. If you are interested in taking the TOEFL it will probably be necessary to purchase some of these services. This guide shows you a number of the free services available on the Internet. By using this feature you can get an excellent head-start on your studies without paying a dime. What Is the TOEFL? Before beginning to study for the TOEFL it is a good idea to understand the philosophy and purpose behind this standardized test. Here is an excellent detailed description of the Internet-based test. What Can I Expect From TOEFL? There are a number of resources available to help you discover exactly what grammar listening and reading skills will be expected on the TOEFL. One of the most thorough of these resources is Testwise.Com  which explains each type of question in terms of the grammar or skill required to answer that type of question successfully. Now that you have a good idea of what the test is, what is to be expected, AND what strategies are needed you can begin to practice taking various sections of the test. To help you do just that (for FREE) follow the following links to these  practice tests  and exercises: TOEFL Grammar / StructurePractice TOEFL tests grammar through whats known as the structure sentence. This section includes multiple choice questions which test your understanding of how to put together a sentence.   TOEFL Grammar Practice 1 TOEFL Grammar Practice 2 Exam English Structure Tests Structure Practice Tests  from TestMagic Five Sets of Practice Questions for Section II  at Free ESL.com by Chris Yukna  Practice Section II TOEFL Vocabulary Practice The vocabulary section focuses on understanding synonyms and antonyms, as well as the ability to use a word in the right context.   TOEFL Vocabulary Practice 400 Must Have Words for TOEFL   TOEFL Reading Practice The reading section asks you to read fairly long sections of text that might be found in a textbook or scholarly article. Comprehension of the relationships between ideas and sequencing events is key in this section.   Reading practice tests  from TestMagic by  Chris Yukna  Practice Section II: Boston   Practice: Fuels TOEFL  based on an article in Wired Magazine by Chris Yukna. TOEFL Listening Practice TOEFL listening selections are often based on lectures in a university setting. As in reading, its important to practice listening long selections (3 - 5) minutes of university lectures or similar listening setting.   Exam English Listening Practice Tests How Do I Approach the TOEFL? One of the most important skills to acquire before taking the test is not a language skill. It is TOEFL test taking strategy. To get up to speed on test taking, this  guide to taking tests  can help you understand  general test taking preparation. The TOEFL, like all standardized American tests, has a very particular structure and typical traps for you to fall into. By understanding these traps and structures you can go a long way to improving your score. The writing section of the TOEFL requires that you write an essay based on a set topic. Testmagic.com has a wonderful  selection of sample essays  discussing common mistakes and giving examples of essays with various scores to show you the range expected on the essay. Practicing the TOEFL Obviously, you will need to do a lot more studying (and probably invest a good bit of money) to do well on the TOEFL. But hopefully, this guide to free TOEFL resources will help you begin to understand what to expect when taking the TOEFL.

A Workable Plan Of Care - 1302 Words

In order to create a workable plan of care for J.M., the patient’s wishes, knowledge and abilities must be assessed (Mertig, 2012). Healthcare providers should recognize that a patient’s autonomy must also be assessed and maintained when creating this plan of care (Mertig, 2012). First, the provider should determine what the major concerns are for the individual, and then collaborate with the patient in setting goals that bring them to her desired outcome (Mensing, 2014). By setting these goals, the patient and provider can formulate the interventions and objectives that will assist the patient in reaching her goals (Mensing, 2014). Another aspect that is critical to implementing and achieving the plan of care is the assessment of any†¦show more content†¦A specific behavioral objective will be to decrease her serving size at meals and eat only 100 calories each for a morning and afternoon snack. Because the patient has not attended any formal education cl asses since her diagnosis, it would be beneficial for J.M. to be referred to a nutritionist in order to reinforce the information that she has as well as enlighten her on proper portion size and healthy snacks (AACE, 2011). If she is not able to go to a nutritionist due to cost or the inability to get time off work, there are many calorie counting resources such as www.livestrong.com/myplate/ or smartphone applications that can be utilized at her convenience (Budd Peterson, 2015). Risk of Stroke: Hypertension, Type 2 diabetes and Hyperlipidemia J.M. is not managing her disease processes as evidenced by her increased blood glucose levels, HbA1C level and triglyceride level. Her glucose was only taken at home 33 times in 40 days, and 85% were above her target of 70-140 mg/dL. Her HbA1C level is 9.3% and her triglycerides are up considerably at 264 mg/dL. Her blood pressure when taken is 145/89 even though lisinopril is indicated on her medication list. These factors as well as her obesity, lack of physical activity and stress level each increase her risk of having a stroke (Clare, 2017). Hypertension is the biggest risk factor for having a stroke (Clare,Show MoreRelatedAchieving and Maintaining Individual Excellence Paper 11414 Words   |  6 PagesWhen planning a budget for a company it is essential is outline the future surpluses, and review potential contribution gain to develop financial stability. In the CareSafe Foster Systems Budget the management team has to review the importance of a workable budget to make changes for financial gain. In order to increase the size of the CareSafe’s surplus is provide four methods and reviewing the pros, and cons of each discussed method. When planning a budget listing future and existing problems in theRead MoreNature Of Job And Tasks Undertaken810 Words   |  4 PagesLewis being one of the biggest retailers in the UK (John Lewis Partnership, 2016), they are known to have outstanding customer service rates which reflects on the employees of the company, over the past 75 years. ‘Customer service is the act of taking care of the customers’ needs by providing and delivering professional, helpful, high quality service and assistance, before, during and after the customers’ requirements are met’ (Study, 2016). The main job skills and responsibilities undertaken withinRead More Platos The Republic and Aristophanes The Birds Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pagesis an well-ordered society that emphasizes the development of the community, which leads to its people believing in this philosophy. Cloudcuckooland, the idea of two lazy Athenians, is an unorganized society that lacks the substance to make it a workable society. I would much rather live in the organized Republic to the unorganized Cloudcuckooland.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The underlying philosophy of the Republic was based on the community and not the individual. There are three classes in The Republic, oneRead MoreThe Field Of Healthcare : An Context And Confines Of Any Health Care Institution1507 Words   |  7 Pagespolicy, technology, or economy, can impact how the whole system of healthcare in the United States performs; and as much as any particular . But there are, I think, a few universal principles to consider, given the context and confines of any health care institution. Those principles would be, of course, the principles of: financial management, organizational dynamics and governance, strategic planning and marketing, along with information, risk, and human resource management, and quality improvementRead MoreForeclosures: My Familys Experience Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pageshouse off at a faster rate so had opted for a short term mortgage. Everything was going fine until the bottom fell out when the economy busted . They tried desperately to get their mortgage restructured before their savings ran out the first part of the plan, make an emergency refinance program and suspend DOC stamps and other fees so people who demonstrate need can reduce their mortgage payments before becoming delinquent. The federal government could make a program like they have for first time homeRead MoreEssay on Healthy San Francisco Plan883 Words   |  4 Pages In 2007 San Francisco began its Healthy San Francisco Plan designed to provide health care for all San Francisco citizens. In 2007, it was estimated that San Francisco had 82,000 uninsured citizens. Under the plan, all uninsured citizens residing in San Francisco can seek care at the citys public and private clinics and hospitals. The basic coverage includes lab work, x-rays, surgery, and preventative care. The city plans to pay for this $203 million coverage by rerouting the $104 million the cityRead MoreImplementation Plan For Nurses With Quality Control Manager964 Words   |  4 PagesImplementation Plan The education department in conjunction, with Quality Control Manager, and the charge nurses will play a major role in reassessing nurses’ assignment concerning patient-nurse ratio. The proposal will enable RN in the Medical-Surgical department to have 1:5 patient ratios. ICU nurses must continue with the 1:2 ratio. Another major area that will benefit from this change is patient safety in regards to medication administration, charting, patient teaching, discharges and infectionRead More Decision Making Model Essay854 Words   |  4 PagesDecision Making Model Abstract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Decision making models can be very effective in problem solving. Scheduling is a big problem at Direct HomeHealth Care and a solution needed to be found. Scheduling software which can be very expensive was the only conclusion that could be reached. With much thought and analysis a resolution was reached with critical thought and a decision making model from the Small Business Development Center. Decision making models can be very helpful in analyzingRead MoreDecision Making Model882 Words   |  4 PagesRUNNING HEAD: DECISION MAKING MODEL Decision Making Model MGT 350 University of Phoenix Abstract Decision making models can be very effective in problem solving. Scheduling is a big problem at Direct HomeHealth Care and a solution needed to be found. Scheduling software which can be very expensive was the only conclusion that could be reached. With much thought and analysis a resolution was reached with critical thought and a decision making model from the Small Business DevelopmentRead MoreThe Workplace Environment For Nurses885 Words   |  4 Pagesindividual at risk. The most important hazard is the shortage of nurses and the implications it places on the staff and the patients. By having a shortage of a nursing staff would allow for multiple hazards and unsafe situations to occur in the facility of care. Nurses would become overwhelmed, unaware, and a threat to other co-workers and the patients within a facility. An overworked nurse has a higher chance or error. According to a British Medical journal released in the early sixties states, that the

Enforcement of Minimum Labour Standards †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Enforcement of Minimum Labour Standards. Answer: Introduction: Under the Fair Work Act of 2009, the government defined the fair practices that employers must adhere to. Section 193 of this Act focuses on the passing the better off overall test. This statute states, When a non-Greenfields agreement passes the better off overall test (ABC 2017), the Fair Work Commission must be satisfied at the time of the test that the award covered would make the employee better off overall (FWC, 2016). The enterprise agreement must also show how the prospective award covered employer thus make the employer better off overall thus justify the modern award applies to the workforce (Craig, 2012). Given the continued debate surrounding the adoption and effectiveness of BOOT, this article weighs into the debate to strike a common ground by fronting different questions. The better off overall test is a test that the FW Commission relies depends on when assessing the enterprise or collective bargaining agreements against the awards (Bamber Sheldon, 2007). The commission compares the registered agreement to relevant awards thus ensures the beneficiaries, especially the worker is better off overall thus qualifies for an approval (Creighton Stewart, 2010). This answers the question, what is BOOT? For several years, the Australian industrial system has constantly focused on the theme of protecting the weak that could be in the form of enterprise agreements or minimum standards in awards (Naughton Pittard, 2013). Although the Australian industrial system has existed to achieve this objective and fight for justice, however, the trade unions have taken the central role in the compulsory arbitration system. Through the compulsory arbitration system, the trade unions have used the statutory tribunals to determine the minimum standards thus guarantying an equity regarding the bargaining power between the involved parties (Naughton, Pittard, 2013). Therefore, it is worth to consider the historical background of the disadvantaged and low-paid workers as provided in the Fair Work Act. Based on the face value of the Act, it guarantees weak some protection through the BOOT. It guarantees these workers, especially the low-paid employees an opportunity to enter into the collective bargaining negotiation through the multi-employer agreements. Previously, these weak employees experienced challenges in utilizing the streams of enterprise bargaining as described by Naughton and Pittard (2013). The FWA has guaranteed worker, notably disadvantaged a comprehensive equal pay platform thus access all the benefits relating to the statutory minimum standards. This is has been achievable by allowing the workers to access the National Employment Standards. Despite these provisions being evident on the Act, it has been impossible to protect sufficiently the disadvantaged and low paid employees (Naughton, Pittard, 2013). The traditional mechanisms provided in the FWA no longer protected the weak because even the compulsory arbitration system has not guaranteed fairness because of the unique characteristics. The statutory tribunal emphasized on the significance of trade unions as critical in the arbitration process and negotiations. The compulsory arbitration was adopted following the turbulent industrial events that were evident in New Zealand and Australia in the 1890s. The compulsory arbitration was intended to allow the third party to manage the process of dispute resolution. However, it emerged that the process was never a free-for-all because it assumed the role of the statutory tribunal in protecting the disadvantaged workers in the negotiation process so that it could establish a safety net (Murray, Owens, 2009). With the safety net, the public interests had appeared aligned. Before this development, the strike prevention part of the public interest but later turned to fixing the minimum rights. Therefore, the tribunal protected the weak based on the public interest connotation. It later became critical to consider basic wages in addressing the public interests. The Australian industrial citizens only earned sufficient wages for sustenance (McCallum, 2011). However, this effect never captured the employee voice expression. There was a need to introduce the rights and fairness of workers that superseded the wages. To this effect, workers got a window to air their views regarding their working conditions because hours and wages were not part of the fair work practices. The protection of the weak thus extended beyond the wages to various minimum employment standards. The compulsory arbitration system was a collective system thus enhances the protection aspects. Conversely, the arbitral tribunals considered the single voice representation across the industry (Quinlan Sheldon, 2011). Hence, the unions found an opportunity to represent their membership in redressing the imbalance between stakeholders. By 1920, the industrial relations sector introduced the award system to establish the minimum labour conditions the extending the awards beyond wages. Indeed, the extension ensured the award extended to hours of work, allowances, breaks, and shift rosters. The Test Case has established a significant regulatory processes and institution in the Australian political, economic, and social history (Plowman, 2004). According to Murray (2005), the evolutionary development of safety net has arguably led to the establishment of the standards. Because of the failures of the initial efforts to protect the weak during the bargaining process, there was need for concerted efforts to restore and serve the interests of the weak. In the view of protecting the weak, the enterprise bargaining era addressed the legitimate concerns regarding the weak disadvantage test as provided under the FWA (Westacott, 2017). Naughton and Pittard affirm, the low-bargaining provisions under the Fair Work Act are specifically designed for workers who have not benefited from the bargaining system (2013, p. 124) thus correcting the weaknesses in the previous tribunals and Case Test. Therefore, the statutory tribunal needed legislative provisions to review the minimum standards. The Test Case process seemed to have influenced the test cases. The minimum standard tests and procedural safeguards seemed to have formed the basis of the federal bargaining provisions. The Work Choices was part of the new legislation that the involved parties had to integrat e into the agreement to accommodate the interests of the weak. This is because; the previous legislations and provisions failed to accommodate the disadvantaged workers (Thornthwaite Sheldon, 2015). The new provisions ensured that parties compared the awards in the agreements and relevant laws. The Work Choice Act is one of the recent industrial relations to continue protecting the weak. This law changed the nature of awards defined in an enterprise agreement. To this effect, the involved parties in a negotiation were supposed to show their good faith negotiating compulsions (Naughton Pittard, 2013). The Work Choice Act 2005 thus described the safety net that specified the minimum employment entitlement (Ferrer, Morris, Hearn-MacKinnon, Saville, 2012). With the Workplace Relations Act, the culture of the enterprise bargaining has changed. Owens, Riley, and Murray (2011) held that the Work Choice Act, it has been possible to restrict awards to 20. New interventions have continued to arise to improve the situation and working environment for the weak. The dynamic regulatory change through the universal standards has affirmed the significance of responding to the public voice. For instance, the Fair Work Act 2009 came as a reprieve and an improvement from the initial situation (Naughton, 2012). It meant to protect the weak that were ignored under the Work Choices and Workplace Relations Act. The FWA focuses on the legislations that balance the framework for productive and cooperative workplace relations (Stewart, 2009). As such, it has become possible achieve fairness and productivity by emphasizing an enterprise-level collective goals and defining the rules that are essential in governing industrial actions (Owens, 2006). The weaknesses evident in the previous cases led to the adoption of the BOOT that recognized the input of the weak in the enterprise agreement process. The significance of BOOT has been evident in the Coles an d HM cases. The problem with this test is that the analysis is never conducted line-by-line because it embraces a universal approach that considers merits and demerits of the award covered. Clark, Taylor, and Oakes (2016) had reported the Coles case where the employer was compelled by the Fair Work Commission to renegotiate the pay deal to meet the expectations and standard of BOOT. The question posed by the Test is not whether each employee is, better off under the agreement compared to their particular existing working arrangements but whether they are better off overall if the agreement applied rather than the relevant modern award. Stewart and Forsyth (2009) found that the Better off Overall Test applies equally to all employees covered by the proposed collective agreement. The Fair Work Commission full bench unanimously refused to approve the 2014/17 Coles Store Team Enterprise Agreement after the committee realized that the employees were better off overall without the agreement and the situation would be worse under the new enterprise agreement (Brooke, 2016). According to Sheldon and Thornthwaite (2011), the Commission declined to approve agreement because it never satisfied the provisions of the FWA provisions. The Commission, in its wisdom realized that the higher ordinary rate offered and additional entitlement provided. The main problem with this new law is the uncertainty regarding the penalty rates that seems to value the BOOT (Dewberry, Siow, Stirling, 2016). If cases are anything to go by, the Coles and Bi-LO had the real experience. The bench that was hearing the issue directed Coles to renegotiate the deal again. The full Bench determined that the Northcote and Benalla Stores never operated 24 hours (Le Mare, 2016). The Bench considered eight employees in the case who acted as on behalf of others to be among the victims. The Full Bench found that the affected employees found their above-Award hourly rates being negated that were never applicable to the agreements regarding the weekend and night work as explained by Butler (2017). When the Bench compared the award for the employees who worked on weekends and at nights, it found the victims were worse off as the workers lost $782-3,506 annual base wage (Clark et al., 2016). The bench thus cautioned the against the wage increases for all workers because only a few workers were affected. Regarding the longer rest breaks, the bench wondered how such rests translated into monetary advantage (Clark et al., 2016). The agreement as presented before the full bench identified various generous entitlements that Coles wanted to benefit the workers. These entitlements include carers leave, redundancy pay, accident makeup pay, emergency services leave. According to Coles, the employees would benefit from the entitlements, such as defence service leave, pre-approved leave arrangements, natural disaster leave, and blood donor (FWC, 2016). Despite Coles arguments, he never provided evidence to back up his claims because he assumed that all employees would benefit. Nonetheless, the benefits never had any financial value that could have made it possible to apply them uniformly (Stewart Forsyth, 2009). However, for employees who were attached to the emergency department of the fire authority, the availability of the emergency service leave was relevant. However, Coles also failed to provide evidence regarding the population of workers who sought such leave. To this effect, it could have been prudent for the agreement to consider the individual wellbeing, domestic violence support, and manage the caring roles (Westacott, 2017). The views of employees made the bench to understand and interpret the agreement based on the participants during the negotiation and voting process (Sharp et al., 2012). The unions efforts to support the agreement never added value because the submissions lacked relevance. Therefore, the remedy, according to the bench was to identify the flaws in the agreements thus affirming it failed to make workers better off overall. The reality of the BOOT is become evident. For instance, the HM enterprise agreement completely failed the test (Desir, 2017). The Swedish fashion company engaged in in the lengthy application process so that the Commission could approve its proposed national enterprise agreement. However, the Commission rejected this agreement as it failed to pass the BOOT. According to Desir (2017), affirms that the proposed agreement was to see the company trade lower public and weekend holidays penalty rates. In fact, it had proposed higher weekend rates thus making the casual employees worse off than modern award. The Retail and Fast Food Workers Union and the Shop Distributive and Allied Employee Association objected the proposal as it disadvantaged some workers (Desir, 2017). Upon analysing the cases, the FWC validated the concerns of these trade unions. In responding to the concerns, the company offered various undertaking to the commission. Conversely, the HMs deputy President Geoff Bull later discovered that the proposed undertakings were insufficient thus refusing to register the agreement. The commission had issues with the time HM had allocated to resolving the underpayment issues. With these difficulties, the company could not reconcile wages with the normal working days. The Commission was also against the companys efforts to offer casual workers $0.65 per hour because the casual workers never enjoyed the 65 percent overtime. The case demonstrated the difficulties that the companies experience in getting their enterprise agreements approved by the FWC based on the BOOT provisions. No level of negotiations and revisions can persuade the Commission to admitting a proposal that rarely assures the parties of a better off overall. For instance, the Commission criticised the HM for offering an unheralded revision that it incorporated during the application process. The revision reduced the salaries of the employees by $5,000 based on the budget reviews. What are the Strengths and the Weaknesses of BOOT? The BOOT provides an opportunity for the voices of the unheard and weak in the workplace. For instance, could it have not been the FWC, HM could have gotten away with the injustices against the casual workers (FWC, 2016). The test ensures that the proposed agreement satisfies the award-covered employees and prospective award covered employer so that both parties remain better off overall. The entertainment guaranteed under the awards system must be relevant to law. The new law allows the Commission to examine the classes of workers so that the agreement can make them better off overall. The current rigorous scrutiny of agreements by the Commission has led to their failures. This is because; it is a no-disadvantage test. Cole and HM are the greatest casualties after the commission failed to approve their agreements. The Commission also considers the ability of the employer to explain to the employees on the provisions covered in the agreement. According to Bland (2016), the BOOT analy sis provides each employee an opportunity to understand their conditions of work and pay rates thus satisfy the provisions of BOOT The test gives room for the application of certain entitlement to the employer. The applications of such awards may be done to the employees disadvantage thus making them worse off. To this effect, the intention and objective of the BOOT is lost (Westacott, 2017). The EBA process is tedious and tiresome because it is long. The employer, for instance, has to consider all the stages in the negotiation process. For the employer, the time and cost needed for the negotiation is long and the FA Australia compels the employer to follow the process to the latter. With the strict timeline and process, any failure could cause the rejection. To the employee, there are a few views and opinions that the weak can bring to the negotiation. In most cases, the weak are never party to the process. For instance, if they expect to be represented, they are compelled to offer some fee that can be costly in the long-term. For the approval of the agreement, there needs to be a majority rule or vote. Where t he employee disagrees with the majority, there are no other options (Bland, 2016). How to improve the BOOT test With the current approval processes involved in the enterprise bargaining negotiation, the employer must beware and fulfil all the requirements. It is important to understand that by fulfilling the requirements, it is possible for the agreement to be registered with the Commission. For employers, it is critical to understand the modern awards that the Australian Industrial Relations Commission has created. Therefore, it important to note that in this process, the aspects of quick fix is impossible. As such, it is prudent for the employer to review the employment conditions to ensure the company complies with the modern awards. The issues concerning the practicality of the law have been brought into the fore. For instance, the Fair Work Australia can use a different interpretation from no disadvantage test when it considers the new test (Kollmorgen Naughton, 2017). The way in which the test is expressed is difficult to understand. For instance, the different language of this statute can be interpreted differently. In fact, the name better off overall raises the bar higher than a mere test thus any reduction in the overall conditions and terms of employment could raise eyebrow. This implies that the authority needs to consider reviewing the language used to enhance the interpretation. Kollmorgen and Naughton (2017) argue that the language of sec. 193(1) of the FWA implies that the test is met in the every award-covered employee. This makes it difficult to determine whether the employee experienced a reduction or a balance in their overall conditions and terms of employment, especially where those terms were the subject of negotiation. The no disadvantage test makes it easy to measure the overall benefits because it focuses on the classes of employees. As a mere language, the FW bills explanatory memorandum showed that the Act would apply the test based on the classes of employees without inquiring into the individual employees circumstances. According to the Explanatory Memorandum Statement, the use of classes of employees seems unclear and ambiguous on the legislation face. The actual meaning as used in the test seems to suggest that the requirement must be satisfied in the case of each employee (Kollmorgen, Naughton, 2017, par. 10). Therefore, the new rule should address these unclear issues relating to language to avoid confusing the Commission and employers. Complying with this statutory regarding the validity of enterprise agreement has proved difficulty. This has compelled the employers to seek lead advice prior to initiating the negotiation with the employees. The FWC should consider simplifying the language used so that the employers can understand and interpret with ease. With the difficulties in understanding language, many people failed to access job opportunities because the employers fear the rejection of their bargaining agreement (Watson, 2017). The current Better off Overall Test has made the interpretation of agreements difficult, risky, and challenging for companies with large workforces (Westacott, 2017). It is feared that if the trend persists, the Australian companies will have no any other option but to increase default, especially to the regulated award systems. Indeed, a system with over 124 awards that is unclear, complex, and out-of-date. It remains critical to get the fundamentals that were anticipated to achieve by the enterprise bargaining (Westacott, 2017). As such, the unions, employers, and workers can work together, thus allow them to respond to the emerging issues. The Australian companies not invest in this arrangement at the expense of global competitive pressures. Conclusion The efficiency and productivity of workforce can be maximized no matter the business size. Nevertheless, the workplace staffing and structures needs are a moving business plans and target. Based on this article, it is evident that BOOT is a good idea that is meant to capture the interests of the weak that was never the case. Although complying with the new award system is an ongoing action, the adoption of BOOT took time. To justify the significance of the law, Coles and HM suffered the consequences when their agreements were rejected. Therefore, it is prudent for the employer to consider the process in advance to avoid rejection. References ABC. (2017, Apr 4). Better Off Overall Test. ABC. Retrieved 9 May 2017, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-04/better-off-overall-test/8415436 Bamber, G., Sheldon, P. (2007). Collective Bargaining: An International Analysis. In Blanpain, R., Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations in Industrialised Market Economies, 9th Ed. (pp. 585631). Alphen: Wolters Kluwer. Bland, A. (2016, May 9).Understanding the Pros and Cons of an Enterprise Bargaining Agreement. Key Business Advisors. Retrieved 9 May 2017, from https://keyba.com.au/understanding-the-pros-and-cons-of-an-enterprise-bargaining-agreement/ Brooke, P. (2016, Jul 25). Are Your Employees Better Off Overall?- Jul 2016. Piper Alderman. Retrieved 6 May 2017, from https://www.piperalderman.com.au/publications/employment-relations/article/8516 Butler, J. (2017, Feb 23). Penalty Rates for Sundays, Public Holidays to be Slashed. Huffington Post. Retrieved 7 May 2017, from https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2017/02/22/sunday-penalty-rates-to-be-slashed/ Clark, S., Taylor, J., Oakes, D. (2016, May 31). Coles could be Forced to Renegotiate Pay Deal with Thousands of Workers After Fair Work Ruling. ABC News. Retrieved 7 May 2017, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-31/part-time-coles-worker-wins-fair-case-against-supermarket-giant/7463132 Craig, C. (2012). Oxymoronic or Employer Logic? Preferred Hours Under the Fair Work Act. Australian Journal of Labour Law, 25, 43-64. Creighton, B. Stewart, A. (2010). Labour Law, 5th Edition. Federation Press. Desir, B. (2017, Jan 29). HM Enterprise Agreement Fails BOOT. NRA Legal. Retrieved 9 May 2017, from https://www.nra.net.au/hm-enterprise-agreement-fails-boot/ Dewberry, S., Siow, V., Stirling, A. (2016, Oct 26). Focus: Employment Law. Employment Safety. Retrieved 8 May 2017, from https://www.allens.com.au/pubs/wr/foemp26oct16.htm Fair Work Commission (FWC). (2016, Aug 22). Approval Process. Retrieved 7 May 2017, from https://www.fwc.gov.au/awards-and-agreements/agreements/approval-process Ferrer, J., Morris, L., Hearn-MacKinnon, B., Saville, K. (2012). The Fair Work Act 2009: A Case Of Unrealised Expectations, in The Fair Work Act: Revision Or Restitution. Heidelberg: Heidelberg Press. Kollmorgen, S. Naughton, R. (2017). Australia: The BOOT Practical Operation of the Better off Overall Test. Mondaq. Retrieved 9 May 2017, from Le Mare, N. (2016, Jul 7). The Coles Agreement Decision and what it Means for Enterprise Bargaining. Corrs Chambers Westgarth. Retrieved 8 May 2017, from https://www.corrs.com.au/publications/corrs-in-brief/the-coles-agreement-decision-and-what-it-means-for-enterprise-bargaining/ McCallum, R. (2011). Citizenship at Work: An Australian Perspective. Legal Studies Research Paper No. 11/17. Murray, J. (2005). The AIRCs Test Case on Work and Family Provisions: The End of Dynamic Regulatory Change at Federal Levels. Australian Journal of Labour Law, 18, 325. Murray, J., Owens, R. (2009). The Safety Net: Labour Standards in the New Era. In Forsyth, A., Stewart, A. Fair Work: The New Workplace Laws and the Work Choices Legacy (pp. 4069). Sydney: Federation Press. Naughton, R. Pittard, M. J. (2013). The Voices of the Low Paid and Workers Reliant on Minimum Employment Standards. Adelaide Law Review, 34, 120-139. Naughton, R. (2012). The Role of Fair Work Australia in Facilitating Collective Bargaining. In Creighton, B. Forsyth, A. (Eds). Rediscovering Collective Bargaining: Australias Fair Work Act in International Perspective. New York, NY: Routledge. Owens, R. Riley, J., Murray, J. (2011). The Law of Work, 2nd Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Owens, R. (2006). Working Precariously: The Safety Net after Work Choices. Australian Journal of Labour Law, 19, 161. Plowman, D. (2004). Employers Associations and Compulsory Arbitration. In Isaac, J., Macintyre, S. (Eds), The New Province for the Law and Order: 100 Years of Australian Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration (p. 603). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Quinlan, M., Sheldon, P. (2011). The Enforcement of Minimum Labour Standards in an Era of Neo-Liberal Globalization: An Overview. The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 22(2), 5-15. Sheldon, P., Thornthwaite, L. (2011). The State, Labour and the Writing of Australian Labour. History Labour History, 100, 83-104. Stewart, A., Forsyth, A. (2009). The Journey from Work Choices to Fair Work. in Forsyth A, Stewart, A. Fair Work: The New Workplace Laws and the Work Choices Legacy (pp. 1-18). Sydney: Federation Press. Thornthwaite, L. Sheldon, P. (2015). Fair Work Australia: Employer Association Policies, Industries, Industrial Law and the Changing Role of the Tribunal. Journal of Industrial Relations, 53(5). Westacott, J. (2017, Feb 2). Enterprise Bargaining on the Brink. Australian Financial Review, 34. Retrieved 9 May 2017, from Watson, G. (2017, Mar 8). Better off Overall Test Creates More Jobless Workers. Australian Financial Review, 39.

Communicable Diseases for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCommunicable Diseases for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Answer: Introduction Multidrug resistant mycobacteria infections have been the biggest challenge in microbiology and health sector. Generally, tuberculosis is a highly infectious disease caused by several species of mycobacteria, specifically the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This condition causes many deaths because it majorly infects the respiratory system as well as many other tissues like skin, kidneys and bones in advanced stages (Lange et al., 2014). Tuberculosis is linked to many loss of lives annually via tuberculosis or tuberculosis-linked body conditions. The spread of multi drug resistant tuberculosis occurs by being spread from infected carriers (either in active or latent mode) to uninfected persons through the air. There have been high number of mortalities as a result of mycobacterium tuberculosis infection because there are some people who have no symptoms for this condition hence do not initiate treatment early enough. At this stage, there is a need for the early medication to be initiated following the positive testing by these subjects. According to Yuen et al., 2015, bearing in mind the complexity of mycobacterium species, when giving medication (specifically the antibiotics) to the patients. A big challenge however which faces the treatment process of tuberculosis is the emergence of multidrug resistant tuberculosis strains. These strains of mycobacterium undergo several rounds of mutations from time to time and hence they cannot respond to first line drugs. This challenge is faced and felt by all stakeholders including the health practitioners, communities and the government and hence the need for being addressed with due urgency (Meumann et al., 2015). Therefore, this essay explores the problems of facing the treatment of bacterial infections with focus on multidrug resistance in tuberculosis in Australia. Epidemiology The mycobacterium pathogen is passed from a person who is infected to uninfected person through sneezing and coughing, behaviors which spread pathogen droplets into the air. The pathogen is ingested by a healthy person leading to the initial infection with tuberculosis, where the pathogen spreads to several parts of the body under host immune system regulation (Trauer Cheng, 2016). The infection with tuberculosis pathogen occurs in two steps. The first one is the latent step when the body is in a state of carrying the pathogen. The second one is the active step, where the body is unable to suppress the pathogen anymore because it is too weak. The transmission of tuberculosis pathogens occurs shortly following the patient exposuer to the active form of tuberculosis. The mycobacteria cannot be transmitted through some behaviors like sharing clothes, and bedding. This is because such pathogens die when they land on dry surfaces, as opposed to moist surfaces that they prefer in the brea thing system. When the mycobacterium infectious particles are inhaled into an uninfected individual, the particle moves to the respiratory tract and lands in the alveoli. The alveoli are critical in the exchange of oxygen between the lungs, the blood and other tissues. As Subramani et al., 2017 states, although the immune system fights diseases, mycobacterium tuberculosis have cell walls that offer them protection hence they evade the immune response and are not destroyed. During normal host invasion by pathogens, macrophages are the immune cells which surround, engulf and destroy the pathogen using innate immunological mechanisms. In case a patient previously infected by another pathogen, like HIV gets exposed to mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen overwhelms the immune cells and makes the body weaker than it was initially. Active tuberculosis infection causes a widespread distribution of the pathogen from the initial site of infection, that is the alveoli, and spreads out into the blood cir culation and lymphatic system. As Jenkins et al., 2014 reports, in the process, other several tissues in the body like the skin, kidneys, bones, and reproductive system become infected increasing the pathogen load in the host. The most commonly observed signs and symptoms in patients at active step of tuberculosis infection may include weight loss, reduced appetite and fever among other signs. However, it is surprising that there are some patients who are asymptomatic. As the patient sneeze and cough, they spread the infectious materials of Mycobacterium tuberculosis into the tissues, and hence more destruction of the lungs. Screening of mycobacterium tuberculosis According to Xu et al., 2017, Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is in latent step can be tested using several methods to help in early diagnosis and hence initiate early treatment. Mantoux test is able to detect tuberculosis infections as early as at two months following pathogenic infection. Mantoux or skin test involves the injection of a chemical into the skin of the forearm. If the patient develops a red wilt at the point of injection on the skin layers, then the patient is infected by mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogens. However, using the Mantoux test, its not possible to determine the stage of infection, that is, whether it is in latent or active step (Fox et al., 2017). Some other screening methods that can be used are x rays, and acid fact staining, which are commonly used in hospitals. The multi-drug resistance tuberculosis Having a clear understanding of the infection, diagnosis, treatment and control of tuberculosis bacteria is very important. The mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria contain unique features from other bacteria types which makes its pathogenesis to be of special concern as argued by Kendall et al., 2017. For instance, these bacteria have high levels of lipids in their cell wall making them to resist cell wall degradation by antibiotics. The most commonly and effective test for this pathogen is the use of the acid-fast staining method for the presence absence test. It has been noted that the mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria have a long latency period because it takes approximately 26 hours for its cell to divide, while other types of bacteria take 6 hours (short latent period) for the bacterial cells to multiply. The main reason as to why mycobacterium tuberculosis infects the respiratory system is because it is an aerobic pathogen. As a result, the lungs have a rich supply of oxygen for exchange with the respiring tissues. A number of the commonly observed multidrug resistance tuberculosis which are a global threat are as a result of errors committed by physicians while others are cause by the negligence by the patients who might fail to comply with medications. According to Tanimura et al., 2015, while nearly most countries face problems with multidrug resistance, the most affected are the developing countries due to low economic status that hinders them from effectively handling the conditions. More specifically, Shekar et al., 2014 argues that the problems of multidrug resistant tuberculosis strains are as a result of bacteria strains which have developed resistance to first line antimicrobials, rifampicin and isoniazid, common drugs used as the first line drugs in tuberculosis treatment. Molecular biology techniques have been widely used in exploring research to counter this problem and more so the manner in which multi drug resistance tuberculosis arises. Taking an example of isoniazid, drug resistance occurs when there are mutations in either the inhA or katG genes of its genetic material. For the rifampicin, drug resistance occurs when mutations develop on the beta subunit of the rpo gene on its DNA molecule (Getahun et al., 2015). In order for bacteria to be resistant to several types or classes of bacteria, there are several types of mutations which occurs in direct and indirect ways. This enables the bacteria species to switch from those that are susceptible to drugs to those that are not. During multi drug resistance tuberculosis bacteria tests, a positive standard of mycobacterium tuberculosis so that it can be used for comparison purposes. There are some other factors which would lead to development of multi drug resistant bacterial strains in tuberculosis and these include; previous medications, malabsorption and lack of proper information (Lange et al., 2014). Other minor but common cause of drug resistance could be a resul t of having problems poor sensitive laboratory diagnostic methods. In this case, the patients might be unaware that they possess multi drug resistant tuberculosis strains and hence may fail to get treatment as early as they are supposed to. Apart from the usual diagnostic and failure to comply with medication, there are other factors which predispose a patient to developing multi drug resistant tuberculosis as compared to another patient. A good example is a situation where a person has HIV/AIDS which in most cases makes the immune system to be weak. In the process of making frequent visits to the hospitals, there is a higher likelihood of one developing multi drug resistance tuberculosis because their immune system is already weak. It is worth noting that the patients who have developed resistance to tuberculosis antimicrobials have only an option of using the second line agents (Kendall et al., 2017). The second line antibiotics are very expensive and are more toxic hence high mortality rates are observed especially on the patients who are susceptible to tuberculosis drug resistances. Patient outcomes on multidrug resistance tuberculosis Once the first line agents have failed, using the second line drugs to treat tuberculosis is economically unfavorable to patients. Apart from costs, these drugs are more toxic hence raising the mortality rates among these patients, as stated by Du Toit et al., 2015. In case there is a possibility of co-infection with other diseases like cancer, HIV/AIDS or hepatitis further weakens their immune system leading to possibilities of deaths. It has been observed that patient with tuberculosis and HIV co-infection undergo poor drug malabsorption and thus high loads of the pathogen. The patients undergo other costs which may hamper treatment are high transport costs, accommodation, poor nutrition, and lack of productivity at workplaces, hence the need to alleviate them from these costs (van den Hof et al., 2016). In the event that the person is suffering from multi drug resistant tuberculosis, their low productivity means that their families are negatively affected and children may drop out of school. According to Rodrigues et al., 2017, patients who attempt to stop treatment when they feel better, need to know that the medical charges of seeking tuberculosis treatment using second line drugs are more expensive, while the toxic effects are so high as opposed to initial treatment. World Health Organization response to multidrug resistance tuberculosis The World Health Organization has recommended that Bacilli Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine be used in regions where tuberculosis disease is most prevalent. The BCG vaccine is made up of a weakened mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium. Upon introduction into the body, the weak pathogen induces production of antibodies. Later on, when the actual pathogen infects the host, these antibodies will remember and mount an immunological response against the pathogen. As Roy et al., 2014 argues, although BCG vaccine has a high efficacy, it could also be affected by the geographical location of the patient as well as the age of the patient during vaccination. Other treatment methods advocated for by the World health organization are TB chemotherapy which include isoniazid, pyrazinamide, rifampicin and ethambutol (first line drugs). In case the pathogen has become resistant against these first-line drugs, then the next option is to initiate the second-line drugs on the parent. However, the second-line drugs have more serious side effects because of their low potency means that they need to be taken at higher doses.it is advisable that when tuberculosis treatment is being initiated, there is close monitoring and supervision by qualified health professionals in order to ensure drugs compliance (Manson et al., 2017). It is common that some patients may stop taking medications before the pathogen is cleared from the body. For a complete cure, it is recommended that treatment be carried out for a period of between six to nine months. There exists another method of treating mycobacterium tuberculosis infections, which is less familiar known as the DOTS-Plus technique. This technique uses a direct method of observing patients but on a short period of time. This method is commonly used in poor, rural areas where hospital facilities are not available. Development of multidrug resistance to mycobacterium tuberculosis Multi drug resistance occurs through genetic alterations more specifically via chromosomal mutations in the genes that encode the commonly used drug targets. The accumulation of such chromosomal mutations in genes causes the insurgence of multidrug resistance (Francis et al., 2014). When this happens, the mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria become insensitive to one or more and in this cases it is rifampicin and isoniazid. The patients who multi drug resistance bacteria strains can only rely on second-line drugs like fluoroquinolones or use injectable like kanamycin and amikacin. Studies by Rajendran Sethumadhavan, 2014 suggest that in order to counter multidrug mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance, it is vital to have a clear understanding of the basic mechanism of action of first line drugs. Here, isoniazid has been used as an example of common drugs that bacteria have developed resistance against. Isoniazid demonstrates two mechanism of action but based on the rate of bacterial cell multiplication rate. First is that isoniazid being bactericidal agents which kills bacteria in vivo within a short time, especially the fast-replicating cells. On the other hand, isoniazid acts in a bacteriostatic manner to eliminate the slow replicating bacteria strains. Since isoniazid is a prodrug, it needs to be activated in order to be catalytically active. This activation is catalyzed by the enzyme catalase peroxide homeoprotein G which then causes the blockage of mycolic acid synthesis leading to destruction of the bacterial cell walls. Activation of isoniazid is a unique process which only occurs in mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogens leading to the formation of mycolic acid. The development of drug resistance against isoniazid by mycobacterium tuberculosis is caused by mutations in the InhA gene. Multi drug resistance in Australia Tuberculosis is regarded as the most common communicable disease in the world. It is interesting to note that Austria has the lowest prevalence of tuberculosis as a result of its good public health systems. However, there are a few detected cases in the same country making the mortality rates from Australia to be at a rate of 0.6 deaths for every 100,000 people (Australian government department of health, 2016). The effects and prevalence of tuberculosis infections occur frequently among the Aboriginals in Australia as compared to other ethnic groups due to their low level socioeconomic status. This is because they have low self-esteem hence they cant afford basic hospital service. Moreover, since they live in isolation, they do not associate with others nor seek treatment due to rich cultural beliefs. Despite the fact that Australia has for a long time recorded a low rate of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis infections, it is a predictable pattern to find that the indigenous Australi ans and Australians born from overseas have a higher disease burned as compared to the non-indigenous Australians. During the earliest discovery of tuberculosis in Australia, it was the leading cause of mortality and morbidity; indicating that the government has made a lot of efforts to bring the disease to control. However, Roberts-Witteveen et al., 2015 notes that as scientist struggle in microbial research and drug discovery, chemotherapy has been a scientific product which has made it possible to counter the rates of spread of tuberculosis pathogens. According to the reports from the Tuberculosis Control Program in Australia, there are major plans in place which aim at reducing the rates of tuberculosis infection as well as lower the transmission rates by use of improved tuberculosis diagnostic and treatment methods. According to James and Allen, 2016, majority of the tuberculosis infections recorded among the minority groups, a large proportion falls on the Australians who are born overseas, and the lesser proportion falls on the indigenous Australians. Examples of migrant groups in Australia who have common multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections include those from Nepal, India and China. It is worth noting that according to the reports by The Australian Society for infectious Diseases, there is a possibility of previously controlled diseases re-emerging as a result of drug resistance against initially effective drugs (Pacific beat, 2016). Moreover, the Society for Infectious Diseases, warns that the developme nt of multi drug resistant tuberculosis strains is the most common just as the cases being observed in the Queensland region. World Health Organization recognizes that after a long period since the declaration of tuberculosis as a global health concern, there has been significant progress made to deal with its treatment. On the other hand, there has been too little progress in terms of controlling the multidrug resistant tuberculosis. The World Health Organization estimates that the overall cost of treating multidrug resistant tuberculosis is more than one hundred times more than that of those people susceptible to tuberculosis. This clearly means that there is an urgent need for the department of public health and planning to come up with more effective educative, diagnostic and treatment methods to deal with this menace before it spreads to the rest of the Australians (El-Abaseri et al., 2015). The most common toxic effects during the use of second-line agents in tuberculosis are ototoxicity and hepatitis. The side effects require that there should be more details in terms of clinical tests, monitoring an d coming up with better therapeutic agents. Conclusion In summary, the issue of multi drug resistance tuberculosis presents serious problems to the success of mycobacterium tuberculosis treatment efforts. Bearing in mind that the second line mycobacterium tuberculosis drugs are expensive and having high toxicity, there are still challenges in achieving proper treatment. Co-infection with other diseases has been found to increase susceptibility to multidrug tuberculosis infections due to weakened immune system. The ministry of health in Australia needs to formulate and implement preventive and early tuberculosis treatment programs. As these programs run, they should be closely monitored to find out whether they are actually achieving the intended purpose or not. Moreover, in Australia, it is important to lay more emphasis to the health of the Indigenous populations who in most cases are the victims of health disparities. The Australian government should also engage in campaigns, even door to door and if possible integrate screening and tr eatment at either affordable or no costs at all. Such efforts will make it possible to lower the transmission rates to the healthy population. By adopting these strategies, the Australian government will be able to cater for the health needs of its people who can be productive again and take care of their families without overdependence on the government provisions. References Australian government department of health (2016). Retrieved from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/cda-cdi4003d.htm Du Toit, E., Squire, S. B., Dunbar, R., Machekano, R., Madan, J., Beyers, N., Naidoo, P. (2015). Comparing multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patient costs under molecular diagnostic algorithms in South Africa. The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease, 19(8), 960-968. El-Abaseri, T. B., El-Metwally, T. H., Iversen, P. L., Adrian, T. E. (2015). Inhibition of Cytochrome P450 and Multidrug Resistance Proteins Potentiates the Efficacy of All-Trans Retinoic Acid in Pancreatic Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo. J Clin Exp Oncol 4, 1, 2. Fox, G. J., Schaaf, H. S., Mandalakas, A., Chiappini, E., Zumla, A., Marais, B. J. (2017). Preventing the spread of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and protecting contacts of infectious cases. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 23(3), 147-153. Francis, J. R., Blyth, C. C., Colby, S., Fagan, J. M., Waring, J. (2014). Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Western Australia, 19982012. The Medical Journal of Australia, 200(6), 328-332. Getahun, H., Matteelli, A., Chaisson, R. E., Raviglione, M. (2015). Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(22), 2127-2135. James, M., and Allen, C., (2016). Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Australia and our region. EDITORIALS. Retrieved from https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2016/204/7/multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-australia-and-our-region Jenkins, H. E., Crudu, V., Soltan, V., Ciobanu, A., Domente, L., Cohen, T. (2014). High risk and rapid appearance of multidrug resistance during tuberculosis treatment in Moldova. European Respiratory Journal, 43(4), 1132-1141. Kendall, E. A., Cohen, T., Mitnick, C. D., Dowdy, D. W. (2017). Second line drug susceptibility testing to inform the treatment of rifampin-resistant tuberculosis: a quantitative perspective. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 56, 185-189. Lange, C., Abubakar, I., Alffenaar, J. W. C., Bothamley, G., Caminero, J. A., Carvalho, A. C. C., Davies, P. (2014). Management of patients with multidrug-resistant/extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Europe: a TBNET consensus statement. European Respiratory Journal, 44(1), 23-63. Manson, A. L., Cohen, K. A., Abeel, T., Desjardins, C. A., Armstrong, D. T., Barry III, C. E., ... Gomez, J. (2017). Genomic analysis of globally diverse Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains provides insights into emergence and spread of multidrug resistance. Nature genetics, 49(3), 395. Meumann, E. M., Globan, M., Fyfe, J. A., Leslie, D., Porter, J. L., Seemann, T., ... Stinear, T. P. (2015). Genome sequence comparisons of serial multi-drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates over 21 years of infection in a single patient. Microbial Genomics, 1(5). Pacific beat (2016). Fresh warnings over drug resistant TB in Australia and the pacific. NEWS. Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/programs/pacific-beat/2016-04-18/fresh-warnings-over-drug-resistant-tb-in-australia/7335724 Pedrosa, P., Veigas, B., Machado, D., Couto, I., Viveiros, M., Baptista, P. V. (2014). Gold nanoprobes for multi loci assessment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. Tuberculosis, 94(3), 332-337. Rajendran, V., Sethumadhavan, R. (2014). Drug resistance mechanism of PncA in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 32(2), 209-221. Roberts-Witteveen, A., Reinten, T., Christensen, A., Sintchenko, V., Seale, P., Lowbridge, C. (2015). Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in New South Wales, Australia, 19992010: a case series report. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 19(7), 850-856. Rodrigues, G. S., Francis, A. R., Sisson, S. A., Tanaka, M. M. (2017). Inferences on the acquisition of multidrug resistance inemph {Mycobacterium tuberculosis} using molecular epidemiological data. arXiv preprint arXiv:1704.04355. Roy, A., Eisenhut, M., Harris, R. J., Rodrigues, L. C., Sridhar, S., Habermann, S., ... Abubakar, I. (2014). Effect of BCG vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children: systematic review and meta-analysis. Bmj, 349, g4643. Shekar, S., Yeo, Z. X., Wong, J. C., Chan, M. K., Ong, D. C., Tongyoo, P., ... Lee, A. S. (2014). Detecting novel genetic variants associated with isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PloS one, 9(7), e102383. Subramani, R., Narayanasamy, M., Feussner, K. D. (2017). Plant-derived antimicrobials to fight against multi-drug-resistant human pathogens. 3 Biotech, 7(3), 172. Tanimura, T., Jaramillo, E., Weil, D., Raviglione, M., Lnnroth, K. (2014). Financial burden for tuberculosis patients in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review. European Respiratory Journal, 43(6), 1763-1775. Trauer, J. M., Cheng, A. C. (2016). Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Australia and our region. Med J Aus, 204(7), 251-3. van den Hof, S., Collins, D., Hafidz, F., Beyene, D., Tursynbayeva, A., Tiemersma, E. (2016). The socioeconomic impact of multidrug resistant tuberculosis on patients: results from Ethiopia, Indonesia and Kazakhstan. BMC infectious diseases, 16(1), 470. Xu, H., Li, Y. M., Ma, H., Gu, W. T., Chen, Z. Q. (2017). Mycobacterium tuberculosis found at both skin lesions and Mantoux testing site in a patient with erythema induratum of Bazin. The Journal of Dermatology. Yuen, C. M., Kurbatova, E. V., Tupasi, T., Caoili, J. C., Van Der Walt, M., Kvasnovsky, C., ... Ershova, J. (2015). Association between regimen composition and treatment response in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a prospective cohort study. PLoS medicine, 12(12), e1001932.